Waktu Salat Zuhur Perspektif Imam Syafi'i dan Imam Maliki

Abstract

Imam al-Shafi‘i, in his work Al-Umm, holds that the time for Zuhr begins when the sun passes its zenith (zawāl), while Imam Mālik, in his work Al-Muwaṭṭa’, asserts that it starts when the shadow of an object is equal in length to the object itself. This study aims to examine in depth the foundational reasoning behind the views of both scholars. This research employs a qualitative approach using the library research method, focusing on content analysis of classical texts such as Al-Umm, Al-Muwaṭṭa’, and Bidayat al-Mujtahid. The data is analyzed and correlated with modern literature, particularly the views presented by contemporary scholars Ahmad Izzuddin and Rusdin Muhalli. The results indicate that the opinions of Imam al-Shafi‘i and Imam Mālik are interrelated, as both are based on the same hadith concerning the Prophet Muhammad’s prayer led by the angel Jibril, as recorded in Bidayat al-Mujtahid by Ibn Rushd. On the first day, Zuhr was performed at the time of the sun’s zenith, and on the second day, when an object's shadow equaled its height, Jibril then stated that both times are valid for the Zuhr prayer. Through the application of the double movement theory, this research concludes that the differing opinions are not contradictory to contemporary astronomical perspectives, such as those of Ahmad Izzuddin and Rusdin Muhalli, despite originating from different social and astronomical contexts. Scientifically, the time when the sun passes its zenith refers to the moment the sun crosses the daily culmination point.