Integrasi Agama dan Sains dalam Penentuan Waktu Salat di Wilayah Abnormal berdasarkan Fenomena Alam dalam Perspektif Ibnu Khaldun

Abstract

Muslims live not only in tropical regions but also in subtropical regions, and some even near the poles. This results in varying prayer times around the world. According to the Hadith, the start of prayer times is marked by natural phenomena, particularly those influenced by the Earth's rotation, which results in the Sun's declination. The natural phenomena that cause differences in prayer times around the world are explained in the Quran and Hadith. So how are prayer times determined? In this case, science plays a role in determining these through contemporary formulas. This demonstrates the integration of religion and science. However, some view religion and science as two distinct entities that are not mutually integrated. Therefore, this paper aims to provide evidence for the integration of religion and science in the event of prayer times, specifically determining the start of prayer times in abnormal regions. In its analysis, this paper utilizes Ibn Khaldun's theory of scientific integration and employs two approaches: bayani and burhani. Bayani is for analysis based on the Quran and Hadith, while Burhani is for analysis of scientific theory. The results obtained indicate that there is integration between religion and science in determining worship.